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Alternatives to using animals in research, testing or teaching This section contains a selection of resources highlighting the alternatives to using animals in research, testing and teaching. The Three Rs animal welfare principles The Three Rs — replacement, reduction and refinement — were first introduced by the authors Russell and Burch in their 1959 book, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (available through the Johns Hopkins Alt Web website ). Since then these ideas have become fundamental principles in the area of animal welfare for research, testing and teaching. ​ Replacement means that where possible we encourage and support the replacement of animal use with alternatives (e.g., cell cultures). Reduction is about reducing the numbers of animals used in research, testing and teaching, without impacting on the quality of the data gained. This can be achieved through robust training programmes, preventing duplication of studies and ensuring good study design. Refinement aims to minimise and eliminate the suffering of animals used for research, testing and teaching. Good animal husbandry, ethical conduct and empathy are important if refinements are to be achieved. ANZCCART Resources The Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART) and the Ministry for Primary Industries have produced a series of booklets on the application of the three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) in the use of animals in research and teaching. The following focus on replacement and reduction. Cell-based Disease Models (replacement) Computer Assisted Learning (replacement) Mannequins and Dummies (replacement) Alternatives to shellfish toxicity testing (replacement) Fireflies to the rescue (reduction) Mathematical models (reduction) Tissue sharing (reduction) ​ Resource links on alternatives 9th World congress on alternatives and animal use in the life sciences (conference website) Alt web (resource database hosted by Johns Hopkins University) Altex, alternatives to animal experimentation (journal website) Centre for Alternatives to Animal Testing (at Johns Hopkins University) EU reference laboratory for alternatives to animal testing (EURL ECVAM) European society for alternates to animal testing ICCVAM (US committee advancing alternatives to animal testing) Korean centre for the validation of alternatives to animal testing (KoCVAM) Physicians committee for responsible medicine, alternatives to animal testing Statistics resources for experiments involving animals

ANZCCART Resources ComPass Animal Welfare Training This free online course covers the Australian Code and NZ Guide and welfare issues relating to animal use in research and teaching. Successful completion of Phase one of the course and its quiz fulfills the mandated basic training needs of researchers and teachers using animals as well as members of Animal Ethics Committees (AEC) in Australia and NZ (except AEC members in Victoria who are required to complete the Animal Welfare Victoria training). The aim is to standardize and augment the training offered for animal users in research and teaching throughout Australasia by offering this free online interactive and resource-rich course to all who need this training . For the course link and more information . ANZCCART (NZ) resources and best practice ​ Three Rs Resources The Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Rese arch and Te aching (ANZCCART) and the Ministry for Primary Industries have produced a series of booklets on the a pplication of the three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) in the use of animals in research and teaching. Cell-based Disease Models (replacement) Computer Assisted Learning (replacement) Mannequins and Dummies (replacement) Alternatives to shellfish toxicity testing (replacement) Fireflies to the rescue (reduction) Mathematical models (reduction) Tissue sharing (reduction) Simple ingenuity (refinement) Non-Invasive Methods (refinement) Living syringes (refinement) Oil emulsified gels (refinement) Other resources Animal research saves lives (publication) What is ANZCCART? (flyer) Download Three Rs poster (ANZCCART resource) (PDF, 6.7 MB, 1 page) ANZCCART (Australia) resources and best practice Publications and information available on the ANZCCART (AU) website on the use of animals in research, testing or teaching: ANZCCART Annual Reports ANZCCART (AU) Awards ANZCCART (AU) Publications ANZCCART (AU) Fact Sheets about animals and technical information ANZCCART (AU) Helpful links on alternatives to the use of animals in research, animal ethics and welfare, environmental enrichment, recognition and alleviation of pain, and statistics ANZCCART (AU) Resources for animal care and housing, school children, school teachers, researchers and university students ​ Newsletters ​ ANZCCART News (Australian website). Y ou can sign up for the ANZCCART Newsletter here . Welfare Pulse