2026 ANZCCART Conference Date: Wed, 21, 12:00 am - Fri, 23 Oct 2026, 5:00 pm Location: Sydney, New South Wales Email: anzccart@adelaide.edu.au Registrations are open Draft Program - updated Register here Venue and Accommodation Rydges World Square Hotel, 389 Pitt Street, Sydney. Tel: +61 2 8268 1888Accommodation at the venue is subject to availability at a price of $299 which includes one breakfast per room. Accommodation link Pre-Conference Tours ANZCCART is offering 3 Pre-conference Tours on Tuesday 20 October. All tours depart from Rydges Hotel and numbers are limited. Costs may apply for return transport. Book through Eventbrite. More information Post-Conference Workshop (EOI) More information Conference mini-program brochure Download mini-program brochure Cam Reid Oration The Cam Reid Oration is an initiative introduced by the ANZCCART New Zealand Board in 1995 in recognition of the late Dr Cam Reid's pioneering role in the evaluation and adoption of standards of ethical conduct for animal experimentation in New Zealand. It is awarded at the ANZCCART (NZ) Conference every three years. Previous Cam Reid Orators: 1995: Mr Chris Puplick, former Senator, Australian Parliament 1997: Mr Andrew McCaw, Office of Ombudsmen, Wellington 1999: Dr Jean Fleming, University of Otago 2001: Mr Gary Reese, former Director of Save Animals from Exploitation, Auckland 2003: Professor Jane Harding, Liggins Institute in Auckland 2005: Professor Don Evans, University of Otago 2008: Dr Mark Fisher, Kotare Bioethics Ltd, Hastings 2011: Professor Laura Bennet, University of Auckland 2014: Dr Siouxsie Wiles, University of Auckland 2017: Dr Helena Hogberg, Johns Hopkins University 2021: Professor Craig Johnson, Massey University 2024: Professor Natalie Waran, Companion Animals New Zealand Archive of ANZCCART Conference proceedings: 2025 ANZCCART Conference - Brisbane Australia (PDF 11MB, 70 pages) 2024 ANZCCART Conference - Christchurch, New Zealand ANZCCART Conference proceedings 2024 .pdf Download PDF • 708KB The conference served this purpose with emphasis on educating those who use animals in R&T, those who regulate such use under the New Zealand Animal Welfare Act or the eight equivalents in Australian states/territories, and the need for openness with the public. The conference delivered on its theme of use of animals in education, teaching and training in New Zealand and Australia in a neutral forum, where a diversity of ethical opinions were recognised and respected, and promoted openness and transparency with the public by those using animals in R&T. 2023 ANZCCART Conference - Adelaide, South Australia (PDF 3.4MB, 54 pages) 2022 ANZCCART Conference - Melbourne 26-28 July (PDF 3.4MB, 99 pages) 2021 ANZCCART Conference – Openness in Animal Research (PDF 7.2MB, 160 pages) Exploring the benefits and risks of openness in regards to the use of animals in Australian and New Zealand research. View the conference proceedings View the conference presentations The 2021 conference (delayed from 2020) looked at ‘openness’ in animal research and teaching. Public confidence in animal research hinges on the scientific community engaging in the evolving conversation about how and why animals are used. Being open about these matters is a worthwhile endeavour, and to be encouraged. To gain a broader perspective on how openness looks in practise, the conference examined overseas examples, both success stories and failures, and learn from different cultural viewpoints. 2019 ANZCCART Conference – Breaking Down Laboratory Walls (PDF 4.1MB, 138 pages) 2018 ANZCCART Conference – Keeping it Relevant (PDF, 198 pages) 2017 ANZCCART Conference – Maintaining social license in a changing world (PDF) Part 1 , Part 2 The theme of the conference was maintaining social licence in a changing world. The conference covered a wide range of topics from addressing social license in different contexts, to advances in replacement, reduction and refinement technologies, lessons from animal ethics committee front lines, and animal handling. https://vimeo.com/240602922 https://vimeo.com/240606138 https://vimeo.com/240729080 2016 ANZCCART Conference – Man or Mouse (PDF, 3.5 MB, 109 pages) 2015 ANZCCART Conference – Animal ethics – the gold standard 2014 ANZCCART Conference – Mixing it up – ethics, science, and adventure tourism (PDF 1.7MB, 106 pages) The use of animals for research and teaching can be awkward. Necessary, justifiable, ethical, well managed, well regulated without doubt. But still it can be awkward. It raises awkward questions. The conference sought to provide good answers to those questions. 2013 ANZCCART Conference – Can we do better? (PDF, 3.96 MB, 162 pages) 2012 ANZCCART Conference – Thinking Outside the Cage: A different point of view (PDF, 2 MB, 128 pages) 2011 ANZCCART Conference – Science with feeling: animals and people (ANZCCART website) The eclectic mix of contributions in these proceedings recognise the complex interdependence between animals and people, an inextricable connection woven with feelings. 2010 ANNZART Conference – Ethics in a changing environment (PDF) 2009 ANZCCART Conference – AEC best practice (PDF, 3.2 MB, 126 pages) 2008 ANZCCART Conference – Blue Sky to deep water: the reality and the promise (ANZCCART website) The contributions to the 2008 conference "Blue sky to deep water: the reality and the promise" held in Auckland, New Zealand, reflect the conference presentations dealing with science, values and the reality of understanding “backward running rats” and “cunning fighting fish”. 2007 ANZCCART Conference – Getting it Right (PDF, 1 MB, 120 pages) 2006 ANZCCART Conference – Responsibilities – The 4th R (PDF, 2.9 MB, 175 pages) 2005 ANZCCART Conference – Animal Ethics Committees and animal use in a monitored environment: is the ethics real, imagined or necessary? (PDF, 2.6 MB, 98 pages) The conference focused on what Animal Ethics Committees do in regulating and monitoring the use of animals in research and teaching, and the public’s and scientists’ expectations of the process. 2004 ANZCCART Conference – Animal Ethics: New Frontiers, New Opportunities (PDF, 1 MB, 44 pages) 2003 ANZCCART Conference - Lifting the veil: finding common ground 2003 - ANZCCART .pdf Download PDF • 12.55MB The theme of this ANZCCART Conference is "Lifting the veil: finding common ground". This theme was borne out of a perceived need to respond in a positive way to concerns that have been expressed in New Zealand regarding secrecy in the regulatory processes governing animal research. 2003 ANZCCART Workshop - Monitoring Animal Welfare and Promoting Refinement (PDF) 2002 ANZCCART Conference – Animal welfare and Ethics Committees. Where are the goalposts now? (PDF, 2.2 MB, 94 pages) 2001 ANZCCART Conference – Learning, animals and the environment: Changing the face of the future (ANZCCART website) 2001 ANZCCART .pdf Download PDF • 8.97MB Exploring the relationships between ourselves, animals, and the environment was the theme of the conference jointly organised by ANZCCART and the National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee (NAEAC). Issues to be addressed included the interdependence and interconnectedness of all life, the images of science and scientists, relevant legislation, dealing with new technology, fish research, and what could and should statistics or the popular media tell us. 1999 AWAC/ANZCCART Conference - Innovation, ethics, and animal welfare: public confidence in science and agriculture 1999_ANZCCART .pdf Download PDF • 11.50MB The conference placed the welfare of animals squarely in the context of the challenges posed by changing patterns ofinternational trade, scientific and technological innovation, and societal attitudes. A central issue was that of the relationship between the wider community-including producers and consumers of livestock products-and scientists. 1997 ANZCCART/NAEAC Conference - Ethical approaches to animal-based sceince 1997_ANZCCART .pdf Download PDF • 16.20MB Ethical approaches to animal-based science emphasises value systems. Value systems are of importance to all of those concerned with animalbased science, whether as proponents or opponents of it. 1995 ANZCCART Conference - Farm animals in Biomedical and Agricultural Research 1995_ANZCCART .pdf Download PDF • 8.98MB This was the sixth conference held by ANZCCART and the second in New Zealand. Its theme moved from the narrower area of traditional laboratory animals to encompass the much wider field of farm animals in biomedical and agricultural research. 1994 ANZCCART Conference - Animal welfare in the twenty-first century: ethical, educational and scientific challenges 1994_ANZCCART .pdf Download PDF • 10.91MB The conference considered what directions animal welfare thinking might take in the future, the implications of those directions for human uses of animals in education and science, and the initiatives we would like to see taken to safeguard the welfare of the animals used in the educational and scientific arenas.

Information on animal ethics and legislation in New Zealand In New Zealand the use of animals in research, testing and teaching is controlled by the Animal Welfare Act 1999 . This legislation is designed to protect animals in New Zealand from harmful or inhumane treatment. It covers our obligation to care for animals; who can conduct surgical procedures on animals; animal exports; humane treatment of wild animals; and codes of welfare. For information on the control of animal use in research, testing and teaching under the Animal Welfare Act 1999, see the Ministry for Primary Industries website . Before institutions in New Zealand are permitted to use animals for research, testing or teaching, they must apply for a licence from the government. The licence is called a ‘Code of Ethical Conduct’, and the institution is called a 'code holder'. See here for more information. Anyone wishing to carry out any form of research, testing or teaching on an animal must first apply for approval from an Animal Ethics Committee. To gain ethical approval to work with animals (research, testing or teaching) you must submit an application to an Animal Ethics Committee (AEC). Most research institutions (e.g. university) have their own Animal Ethics Committees. Approval is normally sought by a lead investigator or teaching team leader. Once approval is given it will allow the named students and employees to carry out the animal work provided they are adequately trained and are fully aware of the protocols, including those around animal care. To find out how to apply you should contact your Head of Department or the research office of your institution. If you work in an institution or company that does not have an Animal Ethics Committee please contact the Ministry for Primary Industries ( animalwelfare@mpi.govt.nz ) for advice on how to proceed. Information for Researchers on Applications to Animal Ethics Committees If you are working with animals in New Zealand for research, testing or teaching then it is likely that you will need to apply for Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) approval. Ten top tips for animal ethics application success Preparing ethical approval applications can be a challenging exercise for many researchers. Many proposals are sent back to applicants for modification before approval can be granted. To assist researchers in the preparation of animal ethics applications the University of Auckland has produced a brochure, based on an analysis of past AEC decisions, to provide some helpful advice. ANZCCART (NZ) has reviewed this document and strongly endorses its use by the New Zealand research community. The document covers the following 10 topics: Writing with purpose in mind Writing for a non-scientific audience Providing a clear narrative and chronology Including and reconciling scientific information Justifying and minimising animal numbers Assembling the right team Piloting and/or staging the project Monitoring and documenting the animals Getting surgery and pain management right Making the endpoint clear Download the brochure for more information. When you are preparing your animal ethics application you need to consider each of the points listed above. In addition to demonstrating good experimental design and sound reasoning for conducting your work, you will also need to demonstrate that you can meet the normal husbandry requirements for the animals including providing for their nutrition, environment, health, behaviour and mental state. The right team is a team that has been trained in all aspects of their proposed role or arrangements have been made for training to be provided. Lastly, you need to show that you have considered the Three Rs animal welfare principles in your experimental design.

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Disclaimer Every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of information on this site. However ANZCCART is unable to accept responsibility for any errors, omissions, or inaccuracies for the information on this site and therefore will not be liable for any loss or damage suffered as a result of reliance on this information, whether applied directly or indirectly.

ANZCCART Conference 2008 Blue Sky to deep water: the reality and the promise Proceedings of the 2008 ANZCCART Conference Auckland, New Zealand Preliminary pages Introduction Mark Fisher Welcome John Martin SESSION 1: Sharing experiences (dilemmas and compliance) Doing animal experimentation in a national organisation with regional responsibilities under state legislation Dr Chris Prideaux ( See PowerPoint presentation – PDF, 629 kb, 18 pages) Meeting animal welfare needs in a biotherapies environment- challenges for the CSL/Pfizer Animal Ethics Committee Dr John Phelps Assessing a research project with reference to the big picture Grant Shackell International benchmarking: AAALAC International Accreditation Dr Kathryn Bayne SESSION 2: Transgenics and modelling Modelling human muscle activity Professor Andrew Pullan Using zebrafish in human disease research: some advantages, disadvantages and ethical considerations Dr Michael Lardelli (See PowerPoint presentation – PDF, 5.6 MB, 26 pages) The benefits of using sheep to model human brain disease Jessie Jacobsen et al. SESSION 3: Great idea but not necessarily what I expected Great idea but not necessarily what I expected (Sometimes the techniques worked; sometimes they didn’t) Dr Allan Goldenthal, Dr Glen Harrison (See Powerpoint presentation – PDF, 1MB, 10 pages) Julie Hitchens ( PowerPoint presentation) Dr Jacqueline Keenan (PowerPoint presentation) Associate Professor Donald Love SESSION 4: Challenging ethics A brief but practical summary of ethics James Battye The Cam Reid Oration: Should we be giving attention to justifying animals in science? Dr Mark Fisher Infrared thermography and heart rate variability for non-invasive assessment of animal welfare Dr Mairi Stewart et al. (ANZCCART Student Award winner) ( PowerPoint presentation) SESSION 5: Death as an event, death as a challenge Euthanasing animals-the human experience Dr Erich von Dietz ( PowerPoint presentation) Managing grief associated with euthanasia Dr Dianne Gardner ( PowerPoint presentation) Recruiting Rats to the Research Resort: the importance of well trained resort personnel Dr John Schofield SESSION 6: Wildlife and conservation The artificial incubation of kiwi eggs: a conservation tool Suzanne Bassett and Claire Travers ( PowerPoint presentation) Researching wildlife in New Zealand: conservation opportunities are both constraints and opportunities Dr Mark Hauber Animal welfare issues in vertebrate pest management and research in New Zealand Dr Penny Fisher et al. SESSION 7: Fish welfare Working towards the development of best practices in fish and fisheries research or The troubles with fish and fish biologists! Howard Gill, Carolyn Ashton and Andrew Rowland The fish: What potential for awareness? Dr Colin Johnston ( PowerPoint presentation) “Pain” and analgesia in fish: What we know, what we don’t know, and what we need to know before using analgesics in fish Dr Don Stevens

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Our People New Zealand Board Members: Emeritus Professor Pat Cragg (Chair), retired, formerly University of Otago (Joined 2020) Chair of the ANZCCART New Zealand Board since April 2020. Pat is a physiologist, and from undergraduate training, a zoologist; her research area covered cardiorespiratory function and control in health and disease; her breadth of teaching is typified as a co-editor of a long-standing physiology textbook. Prior to retirement in May 2018, she held appointments at the University of Otago, for instance as Head of Department of Physiology, Associate Dean Academic Health Sciences and Acting Dean of School of Biomedical Sciences. Pat was on the University's Animal Ethics Committee for 27 years and on the ANZCCART New Zealand Board for 18 years, with four years as Deputy Chair, as well as seven years as the NZ representative on the ANZCCART Australian Board. For many years Pat was Secretary of the Physiological Society of NZ and Chair of the Scientific Committee of the Otago Medical Research Foundation (OMRF). she now Chairs the OMRF Council. From mid-April 2019 to the end of January 2022, she returned from retirement to be the Acting Deputy Vice-Chancellor Academic at the University of Otago. Ian Saldanha (Deputy Chair), Biosecurity & Animal Welfare Advisor, Cawthron Institute (Joined 2021) I have been involved in the lab animal industry for over 10 years. Before taking up a position at the Cawthron Institute in Nelson, I was the Head of the Animal facility at the Malaghan Institute in Wellington. This is where my passion for working with animals grew. During this time, I served on the executive committee for Australia New Zealand Laboratory Animal Association (ANZLAA) for a few years where I used this opportunity to support those that work in the animal science field and meet others from the industry. One of the highlights in my career was getting the opportunity to travel the world, visit other animal facilities, and gain an understanding about how they operate. Outside my profession I have a love for the outdoors in particular running. I enjoy travelling, meeting new people, and of course spending time with my family. Dr Arnja Dale, Chief Scientific Officer, Royal New Zealand SPCA (Joined 2016) Arnja has over 20 years working in the field of animal welfare science in New Zealand and overseas. Arnja is the Chief Scientific Officer at SPCA New Zealand. Prior to joining SPCA, Arnja was a Senior Lecturer in Animal Welfare Science, Ethics and Law, leading numerous research projects, and also led the animal welfare investigations training programme at Unitec. She is a current member of the ANZCCART NZ, the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC) and the National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee (NAEAC). Arnja is passionate about animal welfare science and changing the hearts and minds of the next generation through evidence-based education initiatives. Arnja lives in Auckland with her husband, 3 children, and her dog and cat.. Susan Doohan, Animal Welfare Officer, AgResearch (Joined 2024) Susan Doohan is a Massey trained veterinarian working as an Animal Welfare Officer based at AgResearch Grasslands Campus for the last 7 years. From an initial background in mixed practice, with a later focus on dairy cattle production, she enjoys getting to interact with inspiring research on a daily basis. Further education has included Massey postgraduate courses, and gaining Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists membership in Animal Welfare in 2021. Working with technicians, farm staff, and scientists from varied backgrounds and skill levels, to train them to perform research and husbandry manipulations on production species, is a strong area of interest, alongside implementation of the 3R’s. Dr Nadia Mitchell, Senior Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University (Joined 2025) I am a neuroscientist at Lincoln University, where I lead the ovine Batten disease research programme. My research explores translational brain- and eye-directed gene therapies in sheep, and preclinical data from my laboratory has led to the FDA clearance of two gene therapy products and supported human clinical trials for CLN5 Batten disease and Frontotemporal Dementia in collaboration with industry partners. I am a passionate advocate for sustainable and ethical animal research and as an educator, my role is to instil a deep understanding of, and commitment to, animal welfare practices in research and applied farming settings. Outside of work, I love to run, walk and explore Aotearoa New Zealand with my friends and family. Dr Mike Pankhurst, Senior Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago (Joined 2024) Mike is reproductive biologist who specialises in the biology of the ovary and female infertility. Mike began research with animals nearly 20 years ago at the University of Tasmania during his PhD studies examining tissue repair following brain injury. Since 2011, Dr Pankhurst has been investigating female reproduction and fertility at the University of Otago, initially as a postdoctoral fellow and now as Senior Lecturer in the Department of Anatomy. Mike’s research team conducts experiments with mouse models but also makes use of alternative techniques such as human (blood) samples, tissue discarded from abattoirs, mathematical models, cell culture, protein-based research and re-analysis of historic archived tissues (microscope slides) using new technologies. Mike is passionate about using a broad range of techniques because this helps to reduce the number of experiments involving animals but also increases the breadth of knowledge gained by research. Mike is the former chair of the Animal Users Group, and a current member of the Animal Practices and Compliances Steering Group, at the University of Otago. Stacey Parbhu, Animal Welfare Science Manager, Ministry for Primary Industries (Joined 2023) Stacey is currently leading the Animal Welfare systems team at MPI. As part of this role, she works alongside the National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee (NAEAC) and a team of technical and science advisors to ensure good governance to support RTT activities across New Zealand. She has been active in the care of companion animals, research animal husbandry, animal project management and animal facility management in a variety of positions since 2007, including AgResearch and Massey University. In 2017, Stacey moved to Te Herenga Waka | Victoria University in Wellington, to operate their brand-new small animal facility, eventually becoming the facility manager. In 2024 Stacey finalised her master’s thesis which utilised a mouse IVF model, providing her a greater understanding of the challenges and complexities many organisations will encounter with animal replacement techniques ANZCCART Fellow (observer) - vacant The ANZCCART Fellow is an ANZCCART board observer position for early stage researchers, to both give early stage researchers an opportunity for ANZCCART board experience, but also to inform the Board with their perspectives. Previous ANZCCART Fellows were: 2023-2025: Morgan Heslop, doctoral student, Massey University 2021-2023: Essie Van Zuylen, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Canterbury ANZCCART NZ EXECUTIVE OFFICER Dr Marc Rands I was born in Lower Hutt and my father was a pākehā and my mother Canadian. My family moved to the UK when I was eight, and I was schooled in London, before completing a degree in Marine and Environmental Biology at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, and a doctorate from the University of Oxford (Linacre College) studying sea anemones with symbiotic algae. I met my wife at university in Scotland, and we lived in Perth (Scotland) with our two sons while undertaking work at the Institute of Aquaculture at the University of Stirling, then working at the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council in Edinburgh, before moving to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1998. In 2010, I took up a position at the Royal Society of New Zealand, where I worked on supporting the Society’s expert advice, and then supporting the Society's Academy. As the ANZCCART NZ Executive Officer, I work with the Board supporting the responsible use of animals in research and teaching.

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Animal welfare What is animal welfare and whose welfare is considered? Animals are recognized as sentient beings in New Zealand law. This means they have sufficiently complex nervous systems to support flexible and adaptive behaviour and, importantly, a range of different experiences and feelings that they can interpret as good/positive or bad/negative. In New Zealand, animals considered to be sentient are mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, octopus, squid, crabs, lobsters and crayfish (see Information about animal research in NZ for more information). The welfare of an animal depends on its mental state – the negative or positive experiences it is having at a particular point in time. Negative experiences might include pain, discomfort, breathlessness, nausea, fear, anxiety, hunger, thirst and even loneliness, frustration or boredom, depending on the kind of animal. Good experiences might include feelings of pleasure, comfort, safety and companionship, again depending on the kind of animal. The animal’s mental state is influenced by its perception of both its physical health and its environment. How can we understand an animal’s welfare state to make improvements? Often in research, it is necessary to perform procedures that may cause animals to experience negative states like fear, pain, nausea, or breathlessness. In addition to compromise during procedures, animals may also experience compromise in their home environment, during day-to-day husbandry and handling, preparation for, as well as recovery from, the procedure. An animal may be more likely to experience welfare compromise because of its age, physical state, particular type or breeding. When using animals in research, testing, and teaching, we have a responsibility to promote good welfare, meaning minimizing welfare compromise due to negative experiences and enhancing welfare by providing opportunities for positive experiences. The people responsible must consider the ways that their use of, or interaction with, the animals may impact their welfare. Another way to think about this is to ask “What mental states will the animal experience in this situation, in this physical condition or due to this procedure?”. We can understand the degree to which welfare is compromised by evaluating the quality, likelihood, severity/intensity and duration of any and all negative experiences; we do this using observable or measurable indicators of mental states, including behavioural, physiological and neurophysiological measurements. Likewise, we can understand the degree of welfare enhancement, primarily by evaluating animal’s behavioural responses to opportunities that arise or we provide. One model we can use to organize investigations of welfare and the evidence for an animal’s mental experiences and its overall welfare state is the Five Domains Model. This is an internationally recognised welfare assessment framework developed in New Zealand. It reflects modern understanding of animal welfare by breaking down the factors that influence welfare into four categories (Domain 1 Food and water; Domain 2 Physical environment; Domain 3 Health and physical status; Domain 4 Behavioural interactions) and includes the associated mental experiences in a fifth category (Domain 5 Mental states). With care, the Model can be used for any species in any context. It allows the user to apply their own knowledge of the animal species to identify potential sources of welfare compromise and opportunities for welfare enhancement. How can we improve the welfare of animals used in RTT? The Three Rs The Three Rs provide guidance on ways to minimize welfare compromise for animals used in RTT by avoiding animal use altogether (Replacement), reducing the number of animals that might experience welfare compromise whilst still achieving the purpose of having used them (Reduction) or reducing the likelihood, severity and/or duration of negative mental experiences arising due to the ways animals are used and managed (Refinement). Providing opportunities for positive experiences, while continuing to minimise negatives, is another way to refine animal use. For more information about the Three Rs see NC3Rs . Minimizing welfare compromise (Refinement) depends on what the problem is for the animal. Importantly, animals must be conscious to be having any mental experiences, including pain, so using general anaesthesia to make an animal unconscious is one way to reduce welfare compromise during a procedure. Pain can also be alleviated or reduced by using drugs that block or reduce pain signals (local anaesthetics or analgesics). However, pain-relieving drugs won’t reduce hunger, thirst, breathlessness, nausea, fear or loneliness. So, the remedy must be appropriate for the problem, and the effectiveness of the intervention should be evaluated using methods like those described above. For example, fear due to human-animal interactions can be reduced by avoiding or refining handling procedures, while anxiety might be relieved by manipulating animal housing or social groupings. Likewise, such changes in animal housing and management can provide animals opportunities for positive experiences. Promoting these feelings wherever possible can enhance the welfare of animals, as well as making them easier to handle and work with. Resources for minimizing welfare compromise: Beausoleil, N., & Mellor, D. (2015). Introducing breathlessness as a significant animal welfare issue. New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 63 (1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2014.940410 Resources for enhancing welfare: ·Baumans, V. (2005). Environmental Enrichment for Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits: Requirements of Rodents, Rabbits, and Research. ILAR Journal , 46 (2), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.46.2.162 Rault, J.-L., Waiblinger, S., Boivin, X., & Hemsworth, P. (2020). The Power of a Positive Human–Animal Relationship for Animal Welfare. Frontiers in Veterinary Science , 7 . https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.590867 Resources for understanding animal welfare and its assessment: Mellor, D. J. (2017). Operational Details of the Five Domains Model and Its Key Applications to the Assessment and Management of Animal Welfare. Animals, 7(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani7080060 Mellor, D. J., Beausoleil, N. J., Littlewood, K. E., McLean, A. N., McGreevy, P. D., Jones, B., & Wilkins, C. (2020). The 2020 Five Domains Model: Including Human–Animal Interactions in Assessments of Animal Welfare. Animals, 10(10), 1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101870 Littlewood, K.E.; Beausoleil, N.J.; Mellor, D.J. Updating the Five Provisions: Aligning Welfare-Focused Care with the Five Domains Model. Animals 2026 , 16 , 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16121927

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